"Mother" LibGuide

Use the left column to navigate this MLA help guide, or download the PDF linked below.

MLA style can refer to 3 different things:

1. Citations: a way to format information that describes sources you use in your research.
2. In-text citations: the brief references to those same sources, integrated into your own writing.
3. Paper formatting and grammar guidelines: MLA provides guidance and suggested formatting for writing papers. This is not the focus of this guide, but we do have a brief summary of formatting rules in these pages. More extensive information on paper formatting is in the printed MLA Handbook, available at the Kirkwood Library.

Basic information on MLA style citations and this guide:

• This guide is organized by the type of format (such as book, e-book, website, video, etc.) of the source you want to cite. Click on the type of source you have on the left, and follow the directions and examples on that page.
• If you are new to MLA style, read through the MLA Style Basics page, or view our MLA Citation Help videos on YouTube. 
• MLA style citations are all built from the same set of core elements (such as author, title, and date published). MLA also uses the concept of publications as "containers" for sources. For detailed descriptions of core elements and how to format them, see the MLA: Details on core elements page on this guide. 
• Our librarians are great resources for help with MLA. Stop by the library or click into our online chat under the Ask a Librarian tab on this page.
• We also provide videos that explain key concepts, and printable handouts for off-line use.
• MLA style citations are printed at the end of your paper as a "Works Cited" list. Each citation in the Works Cited list is double-spaced and has a hanging indent paragraph style. Please note that although our examples don't always show this hanging indent, it is always required for your Works Cited page. See our Works Cited guide for more information.
• This guide is based on the MLA Handbook, 9th edition, and on the MLA Style Center website. 

About the 9th edition:

The 9th edition of MLA Handbook, published in 2021, builds on the major changes introduced in the 8th edition, and provides more examples and guidance on citations and in-text citations than the 8th edition did. 

This YouTube video playlist contains videos to help you understand every aspect of MLA Citation Style.

More MLA Style Videos

Principles of citing, MLA Style:

1. When citing any work, no matter what type or format, use a series of “core elements”.
2. Omit any core elements not relevant to the work.
3. In MLA style, "containers” describe how your source was published or made available to readers.

Core Elements, in order of placement in citation:

Note each element ends in a comma or a period:

1. Author.
2. Title of Source.
3. Title of Container,
4. Other Contributors,
5. Version,
6. Number,
7. Publisher,
8. Publication date,
9. Location.
10. Optional elements.

About Containers:

Most sources are part of a larger work. In MLA these larger works are called “containers.”

Examples:

• A webpage (source) is part of a website (container)
• An article (source) is part of a magazine (container)
• A short story (source) is part of a book (container)

A few types of works are self-contained, and so are not part of a larger work, but are themselves a large work. Examples:

• A book
• A film
• A work of art seen in person

Use core elements 3 through 9 to give details about the container. Repeat these same elements (3 through 9) for works that have 2 containers. Example:

• An article (the source) is published in a journal (1st container) which is available in an online database (2nd container). 

The author is the first core element of any citation.

• Author name(s) always end with a period. 
• If source has more than one author, list the authors or editors for each citation in the order given on the publication. 

If source has one author:

• Last/Family name, First name Middle name. 

Examples: 

Rushkoff, Douglas.

Kalish, Mildred Armstrong.

If source has two authors:

• Last, First Middle, and First Middle Last. 

Example:

Kauffman, James M., and Harold J. Burbach.

If source has three or more authors:

• Give only first listed author, Last, First Middle, then “et al.” to indicate multiple authors.

Example:

Wolfteich, Claire E., et al.

If source has editors but no authors:

• Format names as you would for authors, comma, then the word "editor" or "editors", then a period.

Example:

Smith, John, and Margaret Jolly, editors.

If source has a corporate author:

• Give organization name as it appears in work, but omit any beginning A, An, or The.

Example:

Modern Language Association.

If source has a government author:

• Name of country, comma, Department followed by a period.

Example:

United States, National Institutes of Health.

If source gives no author:

• Skip the author and begin citation with title of source (see Element 2: Title of source).

The title of the source will either have quotation marks for shorter works within a larger work (for example: a short story, an article, or a web page), or italics for self-contained works (for example: a movie or a book).

Capitalize first, last, and principal words:

Example of a shorter work: (The period goes before the closing quotation mark)

“A Perfect Day for Bananafish.”

Example of a longer work: (The text is in italics and ends with a period)

The Godfather.

Include any subtitle after a colon:

Example:

ScreenAgers: Lessons in Chaos from Digital Kids.

If no title is given, write a generic description, using sentence capitalization and no quotation marks. End with a period:

Photograph of sunset at Rocky Mountain National Park. 

The container is the larger source that contains the work you are citing.

• For example: a book that contains a short story or essay; a journal that contains an article, or a web site that contains a web page.
• Use italics and follow with a comma.
• First, last, and principal words capitalized.

Examples:

Journal of Education,

Webster’s New World College Dictionary,

Use the "other contributors" element to include any additional names important to your research or to identification of the work.

• You should always include the following contributors in your citation:
  • Translators 
  • Editors of scholarly editions and anthologies or collections of works
• You might also choose to include these contributors:
  • Film directors
  • Music conductors
  • Performing groups (like a choir or similar)
• Write contributor's name: First Middle Last, and precede with a descriptive phrase or noun. Common phrases include:
  • adapted by
  • directed by
  • edited by
  • illustrated by
  • introduction by
  • narrated by
  • performance by
  • translated by
• Use sentence capitalization. This means if the previous element ended with a comma, the first word isn't capitalized. See example.

Examples:

Translated by Jay Rubin, 

, performances by James Stewart and Donna Reed,

Use the Version element to indicate an edition or version.

• Abbreviate edition (ed.) and revised (rev.).
• Use sentence capitalization. This means if the previous element ended in a comma, the first word isn't capitalized. See example.

Examples:

Updated ed.,

5th ed.,

unabridged version,

Use the "number" element when the source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a journal article or a television series
episode.

• Abbreviate volume (vol.) and issue/number (no.)
• Use sentence capitalization. Do not capitalize the first word after a comma.

Examples:

vol. 42, no. 5,

season 2, episode 10,

Use the "publisher" element mostly for books, websites, and films.

• Do not use in journal article citations
• Abbreviate “University Press” to UP
• Omit any initial article (A, An, or The) and business abbreviations (like Co. or Inc.)
• For websites, find the publisher name at the bottom of the page after the ©.
• Publisher name not needed if it's the same as the website title.
• For films, use the name of the distributor.

Examples:

U of Chicago P,

RKO,

University of Iowa Museum of Art, 

Every citation will include a publication date, unless no date is given in the source.

• Format for dates is: day month year.
• Abbreviate months longer than four letters to first 3 letters.
• If more than one date is given, use the date most relevant or most recent.
• If no publication date is given, omit the date.
• For websites, add the access date under “Optional elements” (see description below).

Examples:

27 Aug. 1971,

June 1995, 

Use location element for any information that helps the reader locate the source. This includes:

• The URL of a website or online article, without the http(s):// and including a period at the end.

Example:

www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2018/data-on-display/education-pays.htm.

• The doi of a journal article. If a doi is available, use it instead of the URL. Do include the http(s)://.

Example:

https://doi:10.1002/pits.20246.

• The page numbers of an article, preceded by p. for a single page, or pp. for multiple pages.

Examples:

pp. 65-8.

p. 102. 

• The museum, if an artwork was viewed in person.

Example:

The Art Institute of Chicago.

Use any of these optional elements, but only if they are important to your use of the source. 

• Date of access for online work with content that changes often, or that doesn’t have a published date.
• Precede the date with the word "Accessed".

Example: 

Accessed 7 June 2016.

• Use for unexpected formats. Include a word that describes the format.

Examples:

Lecture.

Address.

Transcript.

• Use for medium of an artwork, especially if the medium is important to your discussion of the work.

Examples:

Sculpture.

Wood and pigment.

• The name of an app if you used it to access the source. This is helpful because an app often has no URL to share.

Examples:

Netflix app.

Spotify app.

General guidance:

• In a print book, the information you need to cite is usually found on the "title page" 2 or 3 pages inside the front of the book, and on the back side of that same title page.
• For an eBook, the first part of the citation will usually be the same as for the print book, then the title of the "container" (in this case the database or other electronic platform) where you found or retrieved it, and the URL. See examples below.
• For an eBook accessed through an app or e-reader (such as a Nook or Kindle), see the MLA Handbook, page 316.

Single Author (p. 26*)

Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Shortened Publisher Name, Year.

Lampe, Gregory P. Frederick Douglass: Freedom’s Voice. Brown, 2015.

Two Authors (p. 21)

Andrews, Kevin, and Michelle Curtis. A Changing Australia: The Social, Cultural and Economic Trends. Crown, 2014.

Three or More Authors: (p. 22)

Brown, Frank, et al. On the Edge of the World. Harcourt, 2013.

Book with edition information (2nd or later edition, revised or updated edition, etc. (pp. 38-39)

Lerner, Gerda. The Grimke Sisters from South Carolina. 2nd ed., Little, 2013.

Book with editors instead of authors (pp. 22-23)

Smith, John, and Margaret Jolly, editors. Colonial Experience. Macmillan, 2017.

Chapter in an Anthology or a Compilation (p. 30)

Author(s) of Chapter. “Chapter Title.” Title of Book, edited by followed by the editor’s name, Shortened Publisher Name, Copyright Year, Pages of Chapter.

Deeb, Robert, and Charles D. Brower. “Law and Justice.” American Decades: 1950-1959, edited by Richard Layman, Gale, 1995, pp. 225-56.

Encyclopedias (MLA Style Dictionary Entry, Columbia College of Vancouver, Canada)

Reid, Donald J. “Alfalfa.” World Book Encyclopedia, vol. 1, World Book, 2015, pp. 345-8.

Dictionaries (MLA Style FAQ)

“Literally.” Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, p.726.

eBook (p. 34) 

Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher Name, Year. Website or Database Name, URL or doi.

Forbes, Scott. A Natural History of Families. Princeton UP, 2007. Project Muse, muse.jhu.edu/book/31159. 

Bull, Alvin F. and Sylvan T. Runkel. Wildflowers of Iowa Woodlands. 2nd ed., University of Iowa P, 2009. EBSCOhost eBook Collection, resources.kirkwood.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=325293&site=ehost-live&scope=site. 

* Page numbers refer to the print MLA Handbook, available at Kirkwood libraries.

General rules:

• If pages aren't continuous, put the first page and a plus sign (for example, 46+).
• For website URLs: copy and paste complete URL from the browser address, then remove the http(s):// at the beginning.
• For database article URLs: copy and paste the "permalink" or other link provided by the database, and remove the https://.
• For articles with a DOI number: Use this instead of the URL, and keep the https://.

Magazine Articles (p. 43*)

Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical, Day Month Year, pages.

Drucker, Peter. “Beyond the Information Revolution.” Atlantic Monthly, 31 Jan. 2015, pp. 47-48.

Journal Articles (Continuous Pagination or by Issue) (pp. 39-40, MLA Style FAQ)

Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. Volume number, no. Issue number, Month Year, pp. Page numbers.

Kauffman, James M., and Harold J. Burbach. “Creating Classroom Civility.” Journal of Education, vol. 181, no. 3, Feb. 2013, pp. 12-18.

Library Subscription Service (Gale, EBSCOhost,Opposing Viewpoints,CQ Researcher, JSTOR,etc.) (pp. 38,110,113)

Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, vol. Volume number, no. Issue number, Month Year, pp. page number(s). Database Provider Name, www.urlwhereyoufoundarticleorpermalink.edu.

Examples without doi:

Smith, Gary. “Onward to the Top.” Successful Business, vol. 24, no. 7, 2019, pp. 204-210. EBSCOhost, resources.kirkwood.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d b=bsh&AN=5265312&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Butrymowicz, Sarah. "Charter Schools Have Had Mixed Results." Charter Schools, edited by Margaret Haerens and Lynn Zott, Greenhaven Press, 2012. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context, resources.kirkwood.edu/login?url=http://link.galegroup.com/ apps/doc/EJ3010800207/OVIC?u=kcccedar&xid=4c792463.

Example with doi: 

Chan, Evans. “Postmodernism and Hong Kong Cinema.” Postmodern Culture, vol. 10, no. 3, Mar. 2017. JSTOR, https://doi:10.1353/pmc.2000.0021.

Newspaper Article in Print (pp. 42-43, 111)

Price, Hugh B. “ S.A.T. Scores.” The New York Times, 26 Apr. 2017, late ed., pp. A23+.

“Security in Airports.” The Gazette [Cedar Rapids], 5 May 2013, p. A1.

Newspaper Article on Website

Flitter, Emily. "This Is What Racism Sounds Like in the Banking Industry." The New York Times, 11 Dec. 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/business/jpmorgan-banking-racism.html. 

* Page numbers refer to the print MLA Handbook, available at Kirkwood libraries.

General rules:

• Copy and paste URLs for accuracy, but remove the initial "http(s)://".
• If a URL is longer than 3 full lines, or is longer than the rest of the citation, shorten it, usually to the home page or search page. 
• Do not force a line break in a URL by introducing a hyphen or a space. It's okay to have uneven line breaks. The accuracy of the URL is the most important consideration.
• Find the publisher's name at the very bottom of the webpage, after the © symbol.
• Do not include the publisher name if it is the same as the title of the website.
• Access date is only used if there is no publication/posting date, or if you suspect content has been changed or removed.

Basic format

Author. "Title of Page or Article." Title of Website, Publisher of website, Date published, URL. 

Examples:

Lohr, Kathy. “Controversy Swirls around Harsh Anti-Obesity Ads.” All Things Considered, NPR, 9 Jan. 2012, www.npr.org/2012/01/09/144799538/ controversy-swirls-around-harsh-anti-obesity-ads. 

Lambert, Verity. “Time and Relative Dimensions in Space.” Gallifrayan Compendium, 4 July 2017, www.tombakerltd.edu/timevehicle. 

Web page, no date, with access date:

“Don’t Just Manage Your Money, Own It!” Feed the Pig, American Institute of CPA, www.feedthepig.org/manage-yourmoney#.WMLUKvKs6Rg. Accessed 10 Aug. 2019.

Web page, no author:

“Gout and Diabetes.” WebMD, 10 Nov. 2017, www.webmd.com/arthritis/gout-diabetes-connection#1. Accessed 25 Nov. 2017.

Web page, government author:

United States, Census Bureau. "Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020." United State Census Bureau, Sept. 2021, www.census.gov/data/tables/2021/demo/income-poverty/p60-273.html.

Congress, Public Law:

United States, Congress. Public Law 111-122. United States Statutes at Large, vol. 123, 2009, pp. 3480-82. U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-123/pdf/STATUTE-123.pdf.

General rules:

• Most often, government documents are found online, and they follow the basic format for a website.
• The author of a government document could be a person or multiple people, but is most often a department. The author is usually formatted like this: Name of country, comma, Department followed by a period. You may also include department subdivisions if given. Write out the full department name even if the abbreviation is given.
  • Examples:
    • United States, National Institutes of Health.
    • United States, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute.
• Citing legislative information, such as laws or bills, can be tricky. See the examples below for guidance, and remember the general rule that always applies in MLA citations: be consistent from one entry to the next when you make decisions about what should be the title, how much additional information should be included, etc. 
• See the links below these examples for additional detailed directions on citing legal works (for example: Supreme Court Decisions, Statutes, Laws, Bills, Hearings, Treaties, Executive Orders) in MLA format. We have included only the most common example types.

Government website

Basic format

Country, Department or Local Name of Government Body. "Title of Page or Article." Title of Website, Publication date, URL.

Examples

United States, Census Bureau. "Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020." United States Census Bureau, Sept. 2021, www.census.gov/data/tables/2021/demo/income-poverty/p60-273.html.

United States, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. "What is Cancer?" National Cancer Institute, 11 Oct. 2021, https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer. 

Public Law, Congress

Example

United States, Congress. Public Law 114-325. United States Statues at Large, vol. 162, 2016, pp. 1965-7. U.S. Government Printing Office, www.congress.gov/114/statute/STATUTE-130/STATUTE-130-Pg1965.pdf.

Bill or Resolution

Basic format

Government Author. Name of Bill or Resolution. Title of Website or Container, URL. Congressional session, Bill or Resolution number, last status.

Example (Senate)

United States, Congress, Senate. To Prohibit Funds for the Armed Forces to Engage in Operations to Invade or Seize Territory from Canada, the Republic of Panama, or the Self-Governing Territory of Greenland. Congress.gov, www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/1936/text. 119th Congress, H.R. 1936, Introduced 6 Mar. 2025. 

Example (Resolution)

United States, Congress, House. Establishing the Congressional Budget for the United States Government for Fiscal Year 2025 and Setting Forth the Appropriate Budgetary Levels for Fiscal Years 2026 Through 2034. Congress.gov, www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/14. 119th Congress, H.Con.Res.14, Agreed to in House 25 Feb. 2025.

Example (State Legislature)

Iowa State Legislature, Senate. Senate File 12. BillBook, www.legis.iowa.gov/legislation/BillBook?ga=91&ba=SF%2012. 91st General Assembly, Senate File 12, Introduced 13 Jan. 2025.

Film, Television and Video

• The citation format for a film or television episode depends on whether your focus is on a particular person involved in the creation (director, actor, writer, etc.) or on the film or episode as a whole.
• If the focus of your discussion is on a person, you begin with that person's name and the role they play. Some roles include: director, creator, performer, writer.
• If the discussion is of the film or episode as a whole, you may begin the citation with the title.

Example of film, focus on a person:

Last name, First name, role. Title of Film. Distributor of film, Date released.

Garland, Judy, performer. The Wizard of Oz. Loew's, 1939.

Examples of film, focus on entire work, DVD:

Title of Film. Directed by First name Last name, performances by First name Last name, Distributor, date released.

It's a Wonderful Life. Directed by Frank Capra, RKO, 1946.

Philadelphia Story. Directed by George Cukor, performances by Cary Grant, Katharine Hepburn, and James Stewart, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1940.

Examples of film, streaming:

Last name, First name, role. Title of Film. Distributors of Film, date released. Website or Database Name, URL.

Talreja, Sanjay and Sut Jhally, filmmakers. Advertising and the End of the World. Media Education Foundation, 1997. Kanopy, kirkwood.kanopystreaming.com/video/advertising-end-world.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Directed by Milos Forman, United Artists, 1975. Talon, talon.kirkwood.edu.

Big Fish. Directed by Tim Burton, Sony Pictures, 2003. Netflix, www.netflix.com.

Example of TV episode, focus on a person:

Last name, First name, role. "Title of Episode." Title of Series, season number, episode number, Distributor, date released.

Whedon, Joss, creator. "Hush." Buffy the Vampire Slayer, season 4, episode 10, Twentieth Century Fox, 14 Dec. 1999.

Example of TV episode, focus on a person, viewed online:

Duffer Brothers, creators. "Chapter Two: The Weirdo on Maple Street." Stranger Things, season 1, episode 2, Netflix, 15 July 2016. Netflix, www.netflix.com. 

Example of TV episode, focus on a person, viewed on an app:

Evans, Simon and Phin Glynn, creators. "The Dirty Mochyns." Staged, season 2, episode 3, Infinity Hill - GCB Films, 2021. Hulu app.

Examples of videos posted online:

• If you don't have the director's name, you may use the poster's name or user name, or company name where appropriate.
• If no creator, poster, or director's name is given, begin with the title.

Director Last Name, First Name, director. “Title of Video/Segment.” Title of Website/Program, Publisher of Website, Date of Release, URL.

Khan Academy. “Converting Fractions to Decimals.” YouTube, 8 Apr. 2007, youtu.be/Gn2pdkvdbGQ. 

McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube, uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.

Podcast

• Podcasts, like films or television shows, may be delivered through different stations, services, or apps. We give a number of examples below, based on the different ways you might have accessed the podcast.
• Remember, any elements not available for your source may be left out.
• You may also choose to apply the rules listed above under "Film, Television, and Video" about which contributor or creator was your focus in your use of the resource. For example, your discussion of the podcast might focus on the person being interviewed, on the host's commentary, or on the words spoken by the narrator. Include this information about the role of the contributor in your citation.

Podcast, accessed through the podcast's website:

Name(s) of creator, host, or narrator. "Title of Episode." Title of Podcast, other contributors if relevant, season and episode number if available, publisher, date published, URL.

Del Toro, Guillermo. "Guillermo del Toro." WTF, interviewed by Marc Maron, episode 1290, 23 Dec. 2021, www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-1290-guillermo-del-toro. 

Podcast, accessed through a browser and part of a larger website:

Name(s) of creator, host, or narrator. "Title of Episode." Title of Podcast, other contributors if relevant, season and episode number if available, publisher, date published. Title of Website, URL. 

Douthat, Ross, et al., hosts. "The Pandemic vs. The President." The Argument, The New York Times, 12 Mar. 2020. The New York TImes, www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/opinion/the-argument-coronavirus-trump.html.

Clark, Josh, and Chuck Bryant, hosts. "How Bail Works." Stuff You Should Know, 23 Feb. 2010. iHeart, www.iheart.com/podcast/105-stuff-you-should-know-26940277/episode/how-bail-works-29468033/.

Podcast, accessed through an app:

Name(s) of creator, host, narrator, or interviewee. "Title of Episode." Title of Podcast, other contributors if relevant, season and episode number if available, publisher if available, date published. Name of app.

Roose, Kevin, narrator. "One: Wonderland." Rabbit Hole, New York Times, 16 Apr. 2020. Spotify app.

If your instructor uploads content (like an article or book chapter) to Talon, and you need to cite that content in your own work, use these guidelines to help:

• Follow the basic core elements of MLA style
• Include the elements you have, and skip information you don't have

Example of article, unknown source:

Anderson, W.T. "As a Farm Woman Thinks." Talon, uploaded by Bessie Wilder, 21 Dec. 2017, www.kirkwood.edu/talon.

Example, information without a title:

• If no title is given, create your own brief description of the document, and use sentence capitalization.

Economic definitions. Talon, uploaded by Adam Smith, 6 Jan. 2019, www.kirkwood.edu/talon.

General guidance:

• The artist's name is given for the "author" element.
• First give information about the creator of the artwork, then for the website, article, or book in which it was published.
• If you viewed the artwork in person, see section "Artwork seen in person".
• The medium is an optional element, and may be included as an optional element, after the final period.

Photographic reproduction of artwork, print book

Last name, First name of artist. Title of Work. Date of composition, Location of original work. Title of Book, edited by Editor's First and Last name, Publisher name, Date of book publication, p. Page number of reproduction. 

Eakins, Thomas. Spinning. 1881, private collection. Thomas Eakins, edited by Darrel Sewell, Yale UP, 2016, p. 102.

Picasso, Pablo. Violin and Sheet of Music. 1912, Réunion des Musées Nationaux. Pablo Picasso, edited by Jesse McDonald, Barnes & Noble, 1993, p. 47.

Photographic reproduction of artwork, online

Important note on Google Images:

• Google should never be cited as the source of an image. None of the images found on Google (or any other search engine) are actually on Google, it just helps you locate images others have posted online. Click on the button "Visit Page" or click again on the image to get to the website where the image is published, and where you can find the information you need to cite the image.

Last name, First name of artist. Title of Work. Date of composition, Museum/Location of original artwork [skip location and city if same as name of website], City of location. Title of website, Publisher of website, URL. 

Da Vinci, Leonardo. Mona Lisa. 1503-19, Louvre, Musée du Louvre, www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvrenotices/mona-lisa-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo. 

Kruger, Barbara. I Shop Therefore I Am. 1987, The Art History Archive, Lilith Gallery, www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/feminist/Barbara-Kruger.html. 

Wood, Grant. American Gothic. 1930, Art Institute of Chicago, www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6565.

Photograph, online

Last name, First name of photographer. Title of photograph. Date photograph was taken or if not available date uploaded. Title of website, Publisher of website, URL. 

Hartmann, Trish. Southern Leopard Frog. 26 June 2013. Flickr, flic.kr/p/eW8jiS.

Photograph, personal

Brief description of the photograph. Date of photograph, [Or estimate the date in brackets if unknown], personal photograph.

Dorothy Thompson with the Waucoma High School basketball team. [Circa 1933], personal photograph.

Artwork seen in person

Last name, First name of artist. Title of work. Date of composition, Name of museum, city of museum. 

Picasso, Pablo. Violin and Sheet of Music. 1912, Musée National Picasso, Paris.

Wood, Grant. American Gothic. 1930, Art Institute of Chicago.

Example including the medium

• If the medium is important to your discussion of the work, include it as an optional element, after the final period.

Last name, First name of artist. Title of work. Date of composition, Name of museum, city of museum. Medium of work.

Anatsui, El. Transit. 2002, University of Iowa Museum of Art, Iowa City. Wood and pigment.

Captioning images

The MLA Handbook recommends the following practices when images are inserted into the text of your paper:

• Label each image as a figure (abbreviate to "Fig.") and number in order throughout your paper. See example:
• Label should be formatted as a caption appearing just below the image. See directions for Microsoft Word below.
• Label should give identifying information about the image.
  • Option 1: Include a complete MLA style citation for the image in the caption. The citation is the same as a regular citation, but the artist's name is not reversed. If the image is not discussed in your paper, no further citation is needed. For example: Fig. 2. Grant Wood. American Gothic. 1930, Art Institute of Chicago.
  • Option 2: Include partial information about the image, typically the artist's name and the title of the work. Also include a full citation for the artwork in your Works Cited list at the end of your paper.  

Directions: Inserting and formatting an image and caption in Microsoft Word

1. Click where you want to insert the picture in your document, somewhere near your discussion of the image in your paper and at the end of a sentence.
2. Click on the "Insert" tab in the main Word menu, then click "Pictures".
3. Browse your computer's files to locate the picture you want to insert. Double-click the image, and it will appear in your paper.
4. If needed, resize the image by clicking and dragging on one corner. 

To caption the image:

1. Change the settings on your image: Click once on the image to select it. In the "Picture Tools/Format" tab, click on "Wrap Text", then "Square". 
2. Insert a Text Box: Click on the "Insert" tab, then click "Text Box" and "Draw Text Box". Click and hold near the lower left corner of your image, and drag to the right and down, creating an empty box that sits below your image and has enough space for one or two lines of text. 
3. Click in the empty box and start typing your caption. See above for more information on what information is included in a caption. 
4. Group your image and caption text box so they can be moved and resized as one: Hold down the Ctrl key and click on the image then the text box. They should both now be selected.
5. In the "Drawing Tools/Format" tab, click "Group" then "Group" again. Your image and text box should now be showing as one object. You can now drag the image and text box around in your paper so it's showing up where you want it, near where you reference it in your writing. 

General guidance:

• Can be used to refer to your own previous writing.
• If quoting from another student's unpublished paper, first get their permission.

Unpublished student paper (from MLA Style Center)

Last name, First name of author. "Title of Paper." Date of paper. Course for which paper was written, the college name, student paper.

Jackson, Amari. "The Meaning of Life." 21 Oct. 2019. Introduction to Philosophy, Kirkwood Community College, student paper.

Examples:

Name of person who was interviewed. Interview. Conducted by First Name Last Name, Date of interview.

Reynolds, Serenity. Interview. Conducted by Jayne Cobb, 24 June 2019.

Personal interview, unpublished:

Ruiz, Marcella. Interview with the author, 14 Sept. 2021.

Interview conducted by e-mail, unpublished:

Gellar, Ross. E-mail interview with the author, 6 June 2019.

Personal correspondence, E-mail, letter, text message:

Name of writer. E-mail to the author or First Name Last Name. Date received.

Blythe, Gilbert. E-mail to Anne Shirley. 15 July 2019.

Lemuelson, Erik. Text message to the author. 27 Aug. 2020.

What is an in-text citation, and how is it different from the Works Cited list? (MLA Handbook pp. 227-284)

The in-text citation is a way to quickly acknowledge where you got the idea or quote you used in your writing. It also points your reader to the complete citation for that source in your Works Cited list, because the in-text citation starts with the first word(s) of your Works Cited citation.

When should I use in-text citations in my writing?

Use an in-text citation when you summarize, paraphrase, or directly quote a source. If it isn't your original idea, cite it. 

What is included in the in-text citation?

1. The most important, and sometimes only element of your in-text citation is the first word(s) of the Works Cited entry for that source. This is often the author's last name.
2. If no author is given, the title (or just the first few words for a longer title) is given instead.
3. The in-text citation might be included in parentheses at the end of the sentence that includes the reference, or it might be included within the sentence as part of the "signal phrase". See examples of parenthetical and signal phrase in-text citations below.
4. The page number of the quote or information referenced is also included, for publications with page numbers. 

In what order do I put the quotation mark, parentheses, and period?

At the end of a quotation: closing quotation mark, opening and closing parentheses, then period.

"...in treatment" (Wall 809).

At the end of a sentence: closing parenthesis, then period.

Others found many changes (Andrews and Curtis 65).

At the end of a block quote: place ending punctuation first, then the parentheses.

...In both countries it was clearer than crystal to the lords of the State preserves of loaves and fishes, that things in general were settled for ever. (Dickens 1)

What if there are no page numbers in my source?

Only use page numbers if they are given in the source. You do not need to count paragraphs or pages, just leave the page number out. See below for more details on numbered paragraphs and sections. 

Examples of parenthetical and signal phrase in-text citations:

In-text example in parentheses. In this example there are two authors, and the reference is a paraphrase of an idea in the source:

...they are careful to use words that make it clear they aren't trying to control someone's behavior (Deci and Flaste 106-8).

Below is the same citation, but with use of a signal phrase. Notice that the information included in the signal phrase (the authors' names) is not repeated in the parentheses. Only the page number is needed there:

Deci and Flaste demonstrate that they are careful to use words that make it clear they aren't trying to control someone's behavior (106-8). 

One author, examples:

Brown based his book Play on research done by experts in many different fields of biology (6).

The study of play in humans has lately been informed by research in many different fields of biology (Brown 36).

Two authors, examples:

Bede and Xing found that the most commonly prescribed treatment was often ineffective (10).

Some experts disagree, claiming that global warming is nothing new (King and Nguyen 22-23).

Three or more authors: include the first name then the phrase "et al.":

...these symptoms don't appear until age 14 on average (South et al. 7).

Group, Corporate, Government author:

• If the corporate name is long, it is better to cite it in the signal phrase text rather than interrupting the writing with a long parenthetical citation.
• Common abbreviations may be used when citing a corporate author parenthetically.

...United States Environmental Protection Agency found that river water quality is profoundly improved with the addition of wetlands in surrounding areas (42).

Another study found that water quality was improved by nearly 38% (United States, Environmental Protection Agency 51).

No author given:

• Use the title in full or shortened to the first noun phrase. If the title doesn't start with a noun phrase shorten to the first word. However give additional words if needed for clarity.
• Exclude initial articles (a, an, the).
• Titles of short works go in quotation marks. Titles of longer works are italicized, as they are in the Works Cited citation.

("Study" 301).

(Depression 141-48).

Multiple works by the same author:

• To distinguish between the multiple works, include all or part of the title in addition to the author's last name in the in-text citation.
• In parenthetical references a comma is inserted after the author name.

...arrived, about 100 million years after the first reptiles" (Brown, "Through the Lens" 8).

In "Through the Lens of Play" Brown cites evidence that play has been around since "the earliest warm-blooded creatures" roamed the earth (8).

Multiple sources in a single parenthesis:

• Use a semi-colon to separate multiple in-text citations from different sources, in a single parentheses.

(Baron 194; Jacobs 55)

No page numbers:

• If paragraphs are numbered use those instead with abbreviation "par.".
• If sections are numbered use those with abbreviation "sec.".
• If the parenthetical citation includes the author or title, a comma is inserted after the name.
• If there are no page numbers or paragraphs numbers, cite only the author or title.

...United Stated Environmental Protection Agency found that water quality is profoundly improved with the addition of wetlands in the landscape (par. 8).

...findings were inconclusive (Thomas, sec. 3).

Citing indirect sources (second-hand quoting):

• Citing a source indirectly should be avoided if possible by locating the original source of the quote.
• If that isn't possible, the abbreviation "qtd. in" is used.
• Include the last name of the person being quoted within the sentence, and include the author of the source you used in the parentheses, as well as the page number if available.

Mary Jones admitted that she had lied "to protect the honor of her father" (qtd. in Hammond 201).

These directions are for how to format your document in Word or other word processing programs in MLA style.

From MLA Style Center, Formatting a Research Paper

Margins:

• 1 inch on all sides (Word default) 
• To check margin settings, go to Word menu "Layout" then "Margins". It should be called "Normal" and show 1 inch margins all around.

Font style and size:

• Any readable font, where regular and italic have good contrast
• Generally 12 point font. MLA states the font size should be "set to a standard size"
• To change font of your paper, press Ctrl+A to select all text, then use the drop downs on the "Home" menu, in the "Font" section, to make any needed changes.

Line spacing

• Spacing throughout your paper should be double-spaced. This is NOT the Word default, and should be changed in the "Home" menu.
• To change line spacing, press Ctrl+A to select all text, then click the up-and-down arrows in the Home menu, in the Paragraph section, to select 2.0.
• In the same line spacing menu, also click "Remove space after paragraph".

Paragraphs and tab

• Indent the first line of each paragraph half an inch from the left margin. This should be the default tab size on Word.
• Indent quote blocks half an inch as well, using the "Increase Indent" button with the right-pointing arrow in the Paragraph menu section.

Heading and Title

• Begin at the top of the first page, flush with the left margin.
• Type your name, your instructor's name(s), the course numbers, and the date, each on separate lines. Double-spaced.
• On a new, double-spaced line, use the "Center" button in the Paragraph menu section to center your title. Do NOT put title in quotes, italics, or all caps. Follow title capitalization, capitalizing the first word and all important words. Do not use a period in your title.
• Begin your first paragraph one double-spaced line after the title, and return to left-flush margin. Tab to indent your first line a half inch.
• See sample heading and title on the MLA Style formatting page. 

Page numbers and running header

• Number all pages of your paper, in the upper right-hand corner. In Word, find the automatic page number settings in the "Insert" menu, "Header & Footer" section. Click "Page Number" drop down, move mouse to "Top of Page" and select the number in the top right-hand corner.
• When the page number appears on your paper, leave the cursor there and type in your last name. This creates the running header for your paper.
• If your instructor prefers no running header on the first page: While your cursor is still in the header area, click the box in the "Desgin" menu "Options" box that says "Different first page". This should take the page number and your last name off the first page, but leave it on the remaining pages.

The format of your Works Cited page should follow these rules:

• The Works Cited list starts on a fresh page of your document. Go to the end of your paper and click after the end of the last sentence. In Microsoft Word, select "Insert" then "Page Break". This ensures the Works Cited list always remains on a separate page for printing.
• Type the phrase Works Cited at the top, then center it using the center symbol in the Microsoft Word Paragraph menu ribbon.
• Use the same font size and style as the rest of your paper.
• Put references in alphabetical order, alphabetized by the first word of each citation. This is usually the author's last name, but may be the first word of a title (excluding A, An, The) where no author is given. 
• The entire reference list is double-spaced, with no extra space between citations. You will likely have to adjust the spacing from the default to achieve this. Find detailed instructions in the linked document below, Formatting Works Cited in Word & Google Docs.
• Each reference list citation should be formatted with a hanging indent. This is a paragraph setting in Microsoft Word that is like a reverse paragraph indent. Find detailed instructions for creating this format in the linked document below, Formatting Reference list in MS Word & Google Docs for MLA.

Click through this slide show or download the document below for specific directions on how to use Microsoft Word or Google Docs to get the proper formatting for your citations.

General guidance:

• Before using a generative AI tool to help with your work, check your course policy on the use of AI.
• Do not cite the AI tool as an author, but as a tool used to edit, translate, summarize, or other.
• Do not trust the AI tool to provide citations, as these tools often create false citations (called "hallucinations") to make it appear scholarly.

Recommendations:

• Just as you should cite any text that you paraphrase, summarize, or quote in your own writing, the same rule applies for use of text generated by AI. 

• Describe somewhere in your text or in a note at the end of your text, all uses you made of the generative AI tool. 

  • For example: “I used ChatGPT to summarize the meaning of the poem “Oda al Gato” by Pablo Neruda”. 

• Always check any sources cited by a generative AI tool. They are often invented.

Constructing a citation:

• Author: Normally the author element would normally go first, however you should never use an AI tool as the author. Therefore this element would be skipped.

• Title of Source: To create a title, describe how the text was generated by the AI tool. You might include a brief description of the prompt you used.

• Title of Container: Use the name of the AI tool, and put in italics.

• Version: Use this to name the version of the tool, if available.

• Publisher: Name the company that made the tool.

• Date: Give the date the content was generated.

• Location: Give the URL for the homepage of the tool. 

Example, putting all the above elements together:

“Summarize the meaning of the poem Oda al Gato” prompt. ChatGPT, 4o mini version, OpenAI, 30 Oct. 2024, chatgpt.com/.

In-text citation:

Follow the normal MLA rules for creating an in-text citation. Using the above example citation, the text of your essay which includes an in-text citation might look like this. (Note that in MLA style citations, longer titles may be shortened in the in-text citation):

I consulted ChatGPT as I worked on reading and understanding the poem “Oda al Gato” in the original Spanish. The summary that was generated confirmed that Neruda uses “vivid imagery” in describing the cat, and gives a sense of “joy and comfort” of having a cat as a pet (“Summarize the meaning”).

Additional resources to consult:

General rules:

• As with citing any source, it's best to track down the most original version of a quote, or an image. So, before quoting a social media post, you may need to track it back to the original poster and cite that instead. 

Basic format:

Account name for author [@Handle if needed]. "Text from the post for title". Platform of post for container, Date posted, URL of post.

• Author element: you will usually use the account name (that is, the actual name rather than the "handle" or account ID) of the person or group who posted, as it shows in the social media platform. See "Examples" section below for more details.
• Title of source element: this is usually text from the post. If you use only a portion of the text, end with an ellipsis (...). If no text is in the post, for example the post is an image or video, give a short description of the post and do not enclose in quotation marks. 
• Date element: the date posted is not always available, especially when accessing on an app. In this case, add the "Accessed" date element to the end of the citation.
• Location/URL element: include the URL for the post when possible. In some apps, you may need to click on a "share" or other icon to display or copy the URL. If this isn't possible, use the URL for the main page of the account holder. If neither of these is available, the URL may be omitted, but always include the @Handle name in brackets.

Examples:

Account name is different than handle

• Include the handle in brackets after the account name:

Ng, Celeste [@pronounced_ing]. "So glad to talk to Battle Tips for Your Sexist Workplace about online harassment...". Instagram, 20 Nov 2018, https://www.instagram.com/p/BqafeR-nLrk/. 

Account name is similar to handle

• Handle can be omitted, but only if the URL of the post is also included:

National Park Service. "I'm a rodent, not a meteorologist." Instagram, 2 Feb 2024, https://www.instagram.com/p/C22cFDBORc7/.

More information and examples on MLA Style website

MLA Style: Citing Material Posted on Social Media Platforms